The Social Costs of Pornography: A Collection of Papers Read online

  55 R. J. Stoller. 1991. Pain and passion: A psychoanalyst explores the world of S & M. New York: Plenum Press.

  56 Ibid., 25.

  57 More precisely, Stoller wrote, “a fetish is a story masquerading as an object.”

  PORNOGRAPHY AND VIOLENCE: A NEW LOOK AT THE RESEARCH

  1 Aaron T. Beck, Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).

  2 William L. Marshall, “Revisiting the Use of Pornography by Sexual Offenders: Implications for Theory and Practice,” Journal of Sexual Aggression 6, nos. 1 and 2 (2000): 67.

  3 James Check and Neil M. Malamuth, “An Empirical Assessment of Some Feminist Hypotheses About Rape,” International Journal of Women’s Studies 8, no. 4 (September–October 1985): 414–23.

  4 Ken-Ichi Ohbuchi et al., “Effects of Violent Pornography Upon Viewers’ Rape Myth Beliefs: A Study of Japanese Males,” Psychology, Crime, and Law 7, no. 1 (1994): 71–81.

  5 Monica G. Weisz and Christopher Earls, “The Effects of Exposure to Filmed Sexual Violence on Attitudes Toward Rape,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10, no. 1 (1995): 71–84.

  6 Mike Allen et al., “Exposure to Pornography and Acceptance of the Rape Myth,” Journal of Communication 45, no. 1 (1995): 5–26.

  7 Michael Milburn, Roxanne Mather, and Sheree Conrad, “The Effects of Viewing R-Rated Movie Scenes that Objectify Women on Perceptions of Date Rape,” Sex Roles 43, nos. 9 and 10 (2000): 645–64.

  8 Shawn Corne et al., “Women’s Attitudes and Fantasies About Rape as a Function of Early Exposure to Pornography,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7, no. 4 (1992): 454–61.

  9 Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant, “Effects of Massive Exposure to Pornography,” in Pornography and Sexual Aggression, eds. Neil M. Malamuth and Edward Donnerstein (New York: Academic Press, 1984).

  10 James Check and Ted Guloien, “The Effects of Repeated Exposure to Sexually Violent Pornography, Nonviolent Dehumanizing Pornography, and Erotica,” in Pornography: Research Advances and Policy Considerations, eds. Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 159–84.

  11 Diana E. H. Russell, Making Violence Sexy: Feminist Views on Pornography (New York: Teachers College Press, 1993).

  12 Neil M. Malamuth, “Rape Fantasies as a Function of Exposure to Violent Sexual Stimuli,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 10, no. 1 (1981): 33–47.

  13 Scot B. Boeringer, “Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Associations of Violent and Nonviolent Depictions with Rape and Rape Proclivity,” Deviant Behavior 15, no. 3 (1994): 289–304.

  14 Robin Warshaw, I Never Called It Rape (New York: HarperCollins, 1988).

  15 Larry Baron and Murray Straus, “Sexual Stratification, Pornography, and Rape in the United States,” in Pornography and Sexual Aggression, eds. Neil M. Malamuth and Edward Donnerstein (New York: Academic Press, 1984).

  16 Silvia Bonino et al., “Use of Pornography and Self-Reported Engagement in Sexual Violence Among Adolescents,” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 3, no. 3 (2006): 265–88.

  17 Michelle E. Ford and Jean Ann Linney, “Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Sexual Offenders, Violent Nonsexual Offenders and Status Offenders,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10, no. 1 (1995): 56–70.

  18 Edward Wieckowski et al., “Deviant Sexual Behavior in Children and Young Adolescents: Frequency and Patterns,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 10, no. 4 (1998): 293–304.

  19 Judith Becker and Robert Stein, “Is Sexual Erotica Associated with Sexual Deviance in Adolescent Males?,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 14, nos. 1 and 2 (1991): 85–95.

  20 Zillmann and Bryant, “Effects of Massive Exposure to Pornography.”

  21 William L. Marshall, “The Use of Sexually Explicit Stimuli by Rapists, Child Molesters, and Non-Offenders,” Journal of Sex Research 25, no. 2 (1988): 267–88.

  22 Mary Koss and Cheryl Oros, “Sexual Experiences Survey: A Research Instrument Investigating Sexual Aggression and Victimization,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 50, no. 3 ( June 1982): 455–57.

  23 Neil M. Malamuth, Tamara Addison, and Mary Koss, “Pornography and Sexual Aggression: Are There Reliable Effects and Can We Understand Them?,” Annual Review of Sex Research 11 (2000): 26–68.

  24 Raquel Bergen and Kathleen Bogle, “Exploring the Connection Between Pornography and Sexual Violence,” Violence and Victims 15, no. 3 (2000): 227–34.

  25 Charlene Senn, “The Research on Women and Pornography: The Many Faces of Harm,” in Making Violence Sexy, ed. Diana E. H. Russell (New York: Teachers College Press, 1993).

  26 Allen et al., “Exposure to Pornography.”

  27 Michael C. Seto, James Cantor, and Ray Blanchard, “Child Pornography Offenses Are a Valid Diagnostic Indicator of Pedophilia,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115, no. 3 (2006): 610–15.

  28 Azy Barak et al., “Sex, Guys, and Cyberspace: Effects of Internet Pornography and Individual Differences on Men’s Attitudes Toward Women,” Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 11, no. 1 (1999): 63–91.

  29 Evelyn Sommers and James V. P. Check, “An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Pornography in the Verbal and Physical Abuse of Women,” Violence and Victims 2, no. 1 (1987): 189–209.

  30 Ibid.

  31 Janet H. Shope, “When Words Are Not Enough: The Search for the Effect of Pornography on Abused Women,” Violence Against Women 10, no. 1 (2004): 56–72.

  32 Martin A. Monto, “Focusing on the Clients of Street Prostitutes: A Creative Approach to Reducing Violence Against Women” (paper submitted to the US Department of Justice, 1999, available at http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/182859.pdf).

  33 James B. Weaver, Jonathan L. Masland, and Dolf Zillmann, “Effect of Erotica on Young Men’s Aesthetic Perception of Their Female Sexual Partners,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 58 (1984): 929–30.

  34 Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant, “Pornography’s Impact on Sexual Satisfaction,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 5 (1988): 438–53.

  35 Deborrah E. S. Frable, Anne E. Johnson, Hildy Kellman, “Seeing Masculine Men, Sexy Women, and Gender Differences: Exposure to Pornography and Cognitive Constructs of Gender,” Journal of Personality 65, no. 2 (1997): 311–55.

  36 Niklas Långström and Michael C. Seto, “Exhibitionistic and Voyeuristic Behavior in a Swedish National Population Survey,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 35, no. 4 (2006): 427–35; Niklas Långström and Kenneth J. Zucker, “Transvestic Fetishism in the General Population: Prevalence and Correlates,” Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 31, no. 2 (2005): 87–95.

  37 Zillmann and Bryant, “Effects of Massive Exposure to Pornography.”

  38 Jason S. Carroll et al., “Generation XXX: Pornography Acceptance and Use Among Emerging Adults,” Journal of Adolescent Research 23, no. 1 (2008): 6–30.

  39 Dolf Zillmann, “The Effects of Prolonged Consumption of Pornography,” in Pornography: Research Advances and Policy Considerations, eds. Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989), 127–58.

  40 Zillmann and Bryant, “Effects of Massive Exposure to Pornography.”

  41 Carroll et al., “Generation XXX.”

  42 Ibid.

  THE IMPACT OF PORNOGRAPHY ON WOMEN: SOCIAL SCIENCE FINDINGS AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS

  1 Richard C. Morais, “Porn Goes Public,” Forbes Magazine, 14 June 1999, 214.

  2 Jennifer P. Schneider, “Effects of Cybersex Addiction on the Family: Results of a Survey,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 7, nos. 1 and 2 (2000): 31–58; Jennifer P. Schneider, “A Qualitative Study of Cybersex Participants: Gender Differences, Recovery Issues, and Implications for Therapists,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 7, no. 4 (2000): 249–78; Al Cooper and Eric Griffin- Shelley, “A Quick Tour of Online Sexuality: Part 1,” American Psychotherapy 5, no. 6 (November– December 2002): 11–13.

  3 Al Cooper et al., “
Sexuality and the Internet: The Next Sexual Revolution,” in The Psychological Science of Sexuality: A Research Based Approach, eds. Frank Muscarella and Lenore T. Szuchman (New York: Wiley, 1999), 519–45.

  4 Al Cooper, David L. Delmonico, and Ron Burg, “Cybersex Users, Abusers, and Compulsives: New Findings and Implications,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 7, nos. 1 and 2 (2000): 5–29.

  5 Al Cooper, “Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the New Millennium,” CyberPsychology & Behavior 1, no. 2 (1998): 181–87; Cooper, Delmonico, and Burg, “Cybersex Users, Abusers, and Compulsives”; Barry W. McCarthy, “The Wife’s Role in Facilitating Recovery from Male Compulsive Sexual Behavior,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 9, no. 4 (2002): 275–84; Schneider, “Effects of Cybersex Addiction on the Family”; Schneider, “A Qualitative Study of Cybersex Participants.”

  6 David L. Delmonico, Elizabeth Griffin, and Joseph Moriarty, Cybersex Unhooked: A Workbook for Breaking Free from Compulsive Online Sexual Behavior (Center City, Minn.: Hazelden Educational Press, 2001).

  7 Miniwatts Marketing Group, “Internet World Stats: Usage and Population Statistics,” http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm (accessed 16 June 2008).

  8 Ibid.

  9 Al Cooper, “Online Sexual Activity in the New Millennium,” Contemporary Sexuality 38, no. 3 (2004): i–vii.

  10 Jerry Ropelato, “Top Ten Internet Pornography Statistics,” http://internet-filter-review. toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html (accessed 16 June 2008).

  11 Ibid.

  12 Ibid.

  13 Ibid.

  14 Ibid.

  15 National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, Sex & Tech: Results from a Survey of Teens and Young Adults, 2008, http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/sextech/PDF/ SexTech_Summary.pdf (accessed June 2008).

  16 Ibid.

  17 Ibid.

  18 Jonathan Dedmon, “Is the Internet Bad for Your Marriage? Online Affairs, Pornographic Sites Playing Greater Role in Divorces,” press release from the Dilenschneider Group, Inc., November 2002, http://www.expertclick.com/NewsReleaseWire/ReleaseDetails.aspx?ID=3051&CFID=1696313&CFTOKEN=23726003.

  19 Dale Kunkel et al., Sex on TV 4 (Menlo Park, Calif.: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2005).

  20 Jochen Peter and Patti M. Valkenburg, “Adolescents’ Exposure to a Sexualized Media Environment and Their Notions of Women as Sex Objects,” Sex Roles 56, nos. 5 and 6 (2007): 381–95.

  21 Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, “How Often Does Sexual Assault Occur?,” June 2008, http://www.rainn.org/print/287 (accessed 17 June 2008).

  22 Lawrence K. Altman, “Sex Infections Found in Quarter of Teenage Girls,” New York Times, 12 March 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/science/12std.html (accessed 17 June 2008).

  23 Kimberley Mitchell, David Finkelhor, and Janis Wolak, “The Exposure of Youth to Unwanted Sexual Material on the Internet: A National Survey of Risk, Impact, and Prevention,” Youth and Society 34, no. 3 (2003): 330–58.

  24 Janis Wolak, Kimberley Mitchell, and David Finkelhor, “Unwanted and Wanted Exposure to Online Pornography in a National Sample of Youth Internet Users,” Pediatrics 119, no. 2 (2007): 247–57.

  25 The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, “Key Facts: Teens Online,” Fall 2002, http://www. kff.org/entmedia/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=14095 (accessed 24 May 2005).

  26 Mitchell, “The Exposure of Youth to Unwanted Sexual Material.”

  27 See “Nielsen Netratings,” http://en-us.nielsen.com/tab/product_families/nielsen_netratings (accessed 25 May 2005).

  28 Delmonico and Griffin, “Cybersex and the E-Teen.”

  29 Dick Thornburg and Herbert S. Lin, Youth, Pornography, and the Internet (Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, National Academy Press, 2002), quoted in “The Porn Standard: Children and Pornography on the Internet,” July 2005, http://www.thirdway.org/publications/14 (accessed 3 August 2005).

  30 Delmonico and Griffin, “Cybersex and the E-Teen,” 433.

  31 Mitchell, “The Exposure of Youth to Unwanted Sexual Material”; Kimberley Mitchell, David Finkelhor, and Janis Wolak, “Victimization of Youths on the Internet,” in The Victimization of Children: Emerging Issues, eds. Janet Mullings, James Marquart, and Deborah Hartley (Binghamton, N.Y.: Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press, 2003); eds. Cecilia von Feilitzen and Ula Carlsson, Children in the New Media Landscape: Games, Pornography, Perceptions (Goteburg: UNESCO-Nordicom, 2000); Media Awareness Network, “Canada’s Children in a Wired World: The Parent’s View,” Media Awareness 20, no. 2 (2000): 17–18, quoted in Sonia Livingstone, “Children’s Use of the Internet: Reflections on the Emerging Research Agenda,” New Media and Society 5, no. 2 (2003): 147–66.

  32 Michael Flood and Clive Hamilton, Youth and Pornography in Australia: Evidence on the Extent of Exposure and Likely Effects (The Australia Institute Discussion Paper Number 52, 2003, https://www.tai.org.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP52.pdf ).

  33 Joanne Cantor, Marie-Louise Mares, and Janet S. Hyde, “Autobiographical Memories of Exposure to Sexual Media Content,” Media Psychology 5, no. 1 (2003): 1–31, quoted in Patricia M. Greenfield, “Inadvertent Exposure to Pornography on the Internet: Implications for Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Networks for Child Development and Families,” Applied Developmental Psychology 25 (2004): 741–50.

  34 Patricia M. Greenfield, “Inadvertent Exposure to Pornography on the Internet: Implications for Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Networks for Child Development and Families,” Applied Developmental Psychology 25 (2004): 741–50.

  35 L. Monique Ward, “Does Television Exposure Affect Emerging Adults’ Attitudes and Assumptions About Sexual Relationships? Correlational and Experimental Confirmation,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 31, no. 1 (2002): 1–15; L. Monique Ward and Kimberley Friedman, “Using TV as a Guide: Associations Between Television Viewing and Adolescents’ Sexual Attitudes and Behavior,” Journal of Research on Adolescents 16, no. 1 (2006): 133–56; Peter and Valkenburg, “Adolescents’ Exposure to a Sexualized Media Environment.”

  36 Peter and Valkenburg, “Adolescents’ Exposure to a Sexualized Media Environment.”

  37 Elisabet Häggström-Nordin, Tanja Tydén, and Ulf Hanson, “Associations Between Pornography Consumption and Sexual Practices Among Adolescents in Sweden,” International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 2 (2005): 102–7.

  38 Dolf Zillmann, “Influence of Unrestrained Access to Erotica on Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Dispositions Toward Sexuality,” Journal of Adolescent Health 27, no. 2 (2000): 41–44.

  39 Robert E. Longo, Steven M. Brown, and Deborah Price Orcutt, “Effects of Internet Sexuality on Children and Adolescents,” in Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians, ed. Al Cooper (New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2002), 87–105.

  40 Naomi Wolf, “The Porn Myth,” New York, 2 October 2003, http://nymag.com/nymetro/ news/trends/n_9437/index1.html (accessed 14 December 2009).

  41 Christina Rogala and Tanja Tydén, “Does Pornography Influence Young Women’s Sexual Behavior?” Women’s Health Issues 13, no. 1 (2003): 39–43; Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, and Hanson, “Associations.”

  42 Rogala and Tydén, “Does Pornography Influence Young Women’s Sexual Behavior?”; Tanja Tydén and Christina Rogala, “Sexual Behavior Among Young Men in Sweden and the Impact of Pornography,” International Journal of STD & AIDS 15, no. 9 (2004): 590–93; Häggström-Nordin, Tydén, and Hanson, “Associations.”

  43 Rogala and Tydén, “Does Pornography Influence Young Women’s Sexual Behavior?”

  44 Ibid.

  45 Clifford L. Broman, “Sexuality Attitudes: The Impact of Trauma,” Journal of Sex Research 40, no. 4 (2003): 351–57.